N Biren Singh resigns as Manipur CM amid escalating ethnic violence and political crisis

In a dramatic turn of events that underscores Manipur‘s deepening crisis, Chief Minister N. Biren Singh resigned from his position on February 9, 2025. His departure comes after nearly two years of relentless ethnic violence that has torn through the northeastern Indian state, leaving more than 250 people dead and displacing over 60,000 residents. Singh’s resignation is widely seen as a direct consequence of the ongoing political crisis and the government’s failure to restore peace amid escalating tensions between the Meitei community and the Kuki-Zo tribes.

This development marks a critical juncture for Manipur, as the state grapples with not just the aftermath of widespread violence but also a leadership vacuum that raises pressing questions about its political stability. As calls for accountability grow louder, Singh’s exit could pave the way for a new approach to resolving the crisis—or further deepen the state’s already fragile situation.

What triggered N Biren Singh’s resignation?

The immediate catalyst for N. Biren Singh’s resignation was the relentless pressure over his handling of the Manipur ethnic violence, which erupted in May 2023 following a controversial ruling by the Manipur High Court. The court recommended granting Scheduled Tribe status to the Meitei community, which holds a majority in the state. This decision was met with fierce opposition from the Kuki-Zo tribes, who feared that it would threaten their ancestral land rights and undermine their socio-political autonomy.

Protests erupted across the state, quickly spiraling into violent clashes marked by arson, targeted attacks, and widespread displacement. Despite the imposition of curfews and the deployment of security forces, the violence persisted, revealing the state government’s inability to contain the unrest. As the situation worsened, Singh faced mounting criticism from opposition parties, civil society groups, and even factions within his own political circle. His resignation, while expected by many, signals the gravity of the ongoing political crisis and the urgent need for new leadership to navigate Manipur through these turbulent times.

How did the ethnic violence escalate in Manipur?

The Manipur ethnic violence did not emerge in isolation. It is rooted in long-standing tensions between the Meitei community, predominantly based in the Imphal Valley, and the Kuki-Zo tribes, who primarily inhabit the surrounding hill districts. The High Court’s recommendation served as a flashpoint, but the underlying issues—land rights, political representation, and ethnic identity—have been simmering for decades.

What made the situation particularly volatile was the influx of external influences. Reports indicate that armed fighters from Myanmar’s ongoing civil conflict crossed into Manipur, bringing with them sophisticated weaponry and further destabilizing the region. This external interference complicated the state’s security landscape, making it challenging for local authorities to regain control. The violence also exposed deep fractures within the security apparatus, with allegations of bias and inaction against certain communities, further eroding public trust.

What role did N Biren Singh play during the crisis?

As Chief Minister, N. Biren Singh was at the center of the government’s response to the crisis. His leadership, however, has been widely criticized for both its inadequacy and perceived partisanship. Singh’s initial reluctance to engage directly with the affected communities fueled resentment, and his administration’s heavy-handed security measures failed to prevent the violence from escalating.

In December 2024, Singh issued a public apology, acknowledging the government’s failure to protect its citizens. While this gesture was intended to ease tensions, it was viewed by many as a superficial attempt to deflect blame rather than a genuine commitment to addressing the root causes of the conflict. As violence continued into 2025, pressure mounted from opposition leaders, civil society groups, and human rights organizations, all demanding his resignation. Ultimately, Singh’s inability to restore order or offer a clear path to reconciliation left him with little choice but to step down.

What happens next for Manipur after Singh’s resignation?

Singh’s resignation has left a political vacuum in Manipur at a time when strong leadership is desperately needed. The Indian government now faces the critical decision of whether to impose President’s Rule, placing the state under direct central administration. While this could help stabilize the situation in the short term, it risks further alienating local communities who already feel marginalized by the state’s political structures.

Experts argue that restoring peace in Manipur will require more than just administrative changes. There is a pressing need for inclusive dialogue that brings together all stakeholders, including community leaders, civil society representatives, and political figures from both the Meitei and Kuki-Zo groups. Addressing the grievances that fueled the violence—land rights, political representation, and cultural autonomy—will be essential for any long-term resolution.

Furthermore, human rights organizations have called for independent investigations into the violence to ensure accountability. Allegations of human rights abuses by both state forces and armed groups have surfaced, and without credible investigations, the cycle of impunity and distrust is likely to continue.

Can Manipur overcome its political and ethnic crisis?

The resignation of N. Biren Singh marks a significant turning point in Manipur’s troubled history. However, whether it leads to meaningful change remains uncertain. The state’s future hinges on the ability of its leaders—and the central government—to address the root causes of the conflict and foster an environment where all communities feel heard and respected.

Restoring trust will be a long and challenging process. It requires not only political will but also a genuine commitment to justice, reconciliation, and development. For the people of Manipur, Singh’s resignation offers a glimmer of hope that change is possible. But the road to lasting peace will depend on the actions taken in the days and months ahead.