Heart attacks can strike suddenly—do you know how to respond?

A heart attack, medically referred to as a myocardial infarction, is a life-threatening condition that demands urgent attention. Statistics reveal that nearly half of heart attack fatalities occur within the first three to four hours after symptoms begin. This narrow window underscores the importance of rapid intervention to improve survival chances.

A heart attack typically results from a blockage in the coronary arteries, which impedes blood flow to the heart muscle. Without an adequate oxygen supply, the affected area of the heart begins to sustain irreversible damage. Early recognition of symptoms, coupled with immediate first aid and professional medical care, can dramatically reduce the severity of outcomes.

What Causes a Heart Attack?

Heart attacks are primarily caused by the obstruction of blood flow within the coronary arteries. This blockage often arises from the accumulation of plaque, a mixture of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and blood cells that adhere to the artery walls. Over time, this build-up narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow and increasing the likelihood of a heart attack.

Certain factors elevate the risk of heart attacks, including:

Age: The risk increases significantly in individuals over 50.

Gender: Studies indicate that men are more prone to heart attacks than women.

Medical Conditions: Hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol are major contributors.

Lifestyle Choices: Smoking, excessive alcohol use, and obesity are key lifestyle risk factors.

Genetics: A family history of coronary artery disease predisposes individuals to higher risks.

The interplay of these factors often results in the formation of arterial plaques, which may rupture suddenly, triggering a complete blockage and the onset of a heart attack.

Recognising Heart Attack Symptoms: What to Look For

Timely identification of heart attack symptoms is essential for prompt intervention. One of the hallmark symptoms is chest pain, described as tightness, pressure, or an intense squeezing sensation. This pain may radiate to other areas, including the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.

Other symptoms often include:

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.

Unexplained fatigue or weakness.

Profuse sweating, often accompanied by anxiety or a sense of impending doom.

Nausea or discomfort that may mimic indigestion.

While severe chest pain is the most recognisable symptom, some cases present with atypical or milder signs, particularly in women, elderly individuals, or those with diabetes. Recognising even subtle warning signs is critical to ensuring a timely response.

First Aid During a Heart Attack: What to Do Before Help Arrives

Taking immediate and appropriate action during a heart attack can save lives. Experts emphasise the importance of remaining calm and acting swiftly to stabilise the patient while awaiting medical professionals.

The following measures should be taken:

Reassure the Patient: Keep the individual calm to avoid increasing their heart’s workload.

Call Emergency Services: Provide a clear description of the symptoms and location.

Administer Aspirin: If available, have the patient chew an aspirin tablet to help reduce blood clotting.

Position the Patient: Ensure the patient is seated or reclined, with their legs elevated slightly to improve blood flow to the heart.

When CPR Is Necessary

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) becomes critical if the patient is unresponsive and has no detectable pulse. CPR helps maintain blood circulation and oxygen delivery to vital organs, increasing the chances of survival until professional help arrives.

How CPR Is Performed

Place the individual on a flat, firm surface and kneel beside them.

Position your hands on the lower half of the sternum.

Apply firm, rhythmic compressions to the chest at a rate of 100–120 per minute.

After every 30 compressions, provide two rescue breaths by tilting the head back, pinching the nostrils shut, and breathing into the mouth.

Continue alternating between compressions and breaths until medical professionals arrive or the patient regains a pulse.

Expert Insights on Reducing Heart Attack Risks

Medical experts stress that while emergency responses are vital, prevention remains the most effective approach to combating heart attacks. Cardiologists recommend regular health screenings to monitor blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar. Lifestyle modifications, including maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, are also crucial in reducing risks.

Additionally, individuals with a family history of coronary artery disease should work closely with healthcare providers to manage their cardiovascular health proactively.

The Importance of Awareness and Preparation

Heart attacks are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, yet many lives can be saved with proper awareness and preparedness. Recognising symptoms, acting promptly, and understanding first aid measures empower individuals to respond effectively during emergencies. As medical professionals consistently highlight, every minute counts when it comes to treating a heart attack.

By combining preventative measures with widespread education on first aid and CPR techniques, the devastating impact of heart attacks can be significantly mitigated.